ISKO Italia. Integrative level classification

Home page Iscrizione Documenti Bibliografia Collegamenti

References on Integrative level classification

 

philosophical and scientific sources ; works by CRG members ; comments to CRG work ; contributions of the present project ; references to the present project

The most important papers are in bold. Please notify us any relevant reference of which you are aware!


Philosophical and scientific sources

Focusing on the series of levels; writings on emergence are many, and only the most relevant are listed

[Alexander 1920]  Space, time and deity / Samuel Alexander – 1920 » # 2 – London : 1927

[Alexander 1921]  Spinoza and time / Samuel Alexander – 1921

[Anderson 1972]  More is different : broken symmetry and the nature of the hierarchical structure of science / PW Anderson = Science. 177 : 1972. 4047. p 393-396

[Baianu 2007]  Categorical ontology of emergent complexity levels and spacetime: life, consciousness and human societies / Ion C Baianu : ed' ; IC Baianu, R Brown, JF Glazebrook : papers = Axiomathes. 17 : 2007. n 3-4

[Bennett 1987]  Dissipation, information, computational complexity and the definition of organization / Charles H Bennett = Emerging syntheses in science. p 215-231 / David Pines : editor – Addison- Wesley : Boston : 1987 || - IBM <http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/people/b/bennetc/bennettc19876b2b7460.pdf> [PDF format]

[Bennett 1988]  Logical depth and physical complexity / Charles H Bennett = The universal Turing machine : a half-century survey. p 227-257 / Rolf Herken : ed' – Oxford university press : 1988 || – IBM <http://researchweb.watson.ibm.com/people/b/bennetc/UTMX.pdf> [PDF format]

[Bliss 1929]  The organization of knowledge and the system of the sciences / Henry Evelyn Bliss – Holt : New York : 1929

[Bliss 1933]  The organisation of knowledge in libraries / Henry Evelyn Bliss – Wilson : New York : 1933 » 2' ed': The organisation of knowledge in libraries and the subject approach to books – Wilson : New York : 1939

[Blitz 1992]  Emergent evolution : qualitative novelty and the levels of reality / David Blitz – Kluwer : Dordrecht, Boston, London : 1992

[Bonabeau 1995]  Characterizing emergent phenomena. 1: A critical review ; 2: A conceptual framework / Eric Bonabeau, Jean-Louis Dessalles, Alain Grumbach = Revue internationale de systémique. 9: 1995. 3. p 327-371 – <http://perso.enst.fr/~jld/papiers/emerstru.html>

[Brown 1926] A materialist's view of the concept of levels / Harold Chapman Brown = Journal of philosophy. 23: 1926. 5. p 113-120 » (JSTOR) – <http://links.jstor.org/...>
[critically discusses Alexander, Lloyd Morgan, and Conger in a reductionist way]

[Bunge 1979]  Ontology 2: A world of systems = Treatise on basic philosophy. 4 / Mario Bunge – Reidel : Dordrecht, Boston, London : 1979

[Bunge 2001]  Emergence and convergence : qualitative novelty and the unity of knowledge / Mario Augusto Bunge – University of Toronto press : 2003

[Campbell 1990]  Levels of organization, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology / Donald T Campbell = Theories of the evolution of knowing. p 1-17 / G Greenberg, E Tobach : ed' – Erlbaum : Hillsdale : 1990

[Clayton 2006]   The re-emergence of emergence : the emergentist hypothesis from science to religion / Philip Clayton, Paul Davies : ed's – Oxford university press : Oxford : 2006

[Conger 1925]   The doctrine of levels / George P[errigo] Conger = Journal of philosophy. 22: 1925. 12. p 309-321 » (JSTOR) – <http://links.jstor.org/...>
[develops on Alexander, Lloyd Morgan, Sellars, and Spaulding]

[Conger 1929]   New views of evolution / George Perrigo Conger – Macmillan: New York : 1929 » (Internet archive. Universal library) – <http://www.archive.org/details/newviewsofevolut031787mbp>

[Conger 1931]   A world of epitomizations : a study in the philosophy of the sciences / George Perrigo Conger – Princeton UP : Princeton ; Milford : London : 1931 » Synoptic naturalism – University of Minnesota : Minneapolis : 1960
[claims that the resemblance of structures and processes throughout the levels and their realms (matter, life, mind) indicate that the universe is a series of "epitomizations" and "cumulative coordinations", that is, levels are parallel]

[Corning 2006]  The re-emergence of emergence : a venerable concept in search of a theory / Peter A Corning = Complexity. 7 : 2002. 6. p 18-30 – <http://www.complexsystems.org/publications/pdf/emergence3.pdf>
[from the abstract: ... briefly recounts the history of the term and details some of its current usages ... In order to answer the "why" question, a broader, multi-leveled paradigm is required. The reductionist approach to explaining emergent complexity has entailed a search for underlying "laws of emergence." Another alternative is the "Synergism Hypothesis" ... This theory, in a nutshell, proposes that the synergistic (co-operative) effects produced by various combinations of parts have played a major causal role in the evolution of biological complexity. ... there are many different kinds of synergy, but not all synergies represent emergent phenomena.]

[Davies 1987]  The cosmic blueprint / Paul Davies – Heinemann : 1987 » – Simon & Schuster : 1988 » revised edition – Templeton foundation press : 2004

[Emmeche 1997]  Explaining emergence : towards an ontology of levels / Claus Emmeche, Simo Køppe, Frederik Stjernfelt = Journal for general philosophy of science. 28 : 1997. p 83-119 | – Niels Bohr institute : <http://www .nbi.dk/~emmeche/coPubl/97e.EKS/emerg.html>

[Engels 1925]  Dialektik der Natur / Friedrich Engels : 1873-1886 – Moscow : 1925

[Feibleman 1951]  The graded series of integrative levels = Ontology. 3.3 : p 332-356 / James K Feibleman – Johns Hopkins press : Baltimore : 1951

[Feibleman 1954]  Theory of integrative levels / James K Feibleman = British journal for the philosophy of science. 5: 1954. 17. p 59-66 » (JSTOR) – <http://www.jstor.org/...> » Theory of subject analysis. p 136-142 / Lois Mai Chan, ' : ed' – Libraries unlimited : Littleton : 1985

[Feibleman 1965]  The integrative levels in nature [revised version of Feibleman 1954] = Focus on information and communication. p 27-41 / Barbara RF Kyle : ed – ASLIB : London : 1965

[Fromm 2004]  The emergence of complexity / Jochen Fromm – Kassel university press : 2004

[Glangeaud 1955]  _ / Louis Glangeaud = Revue générale des sciences. 62 : 1955. 5-6. p _ [classifies the sciences of matter and their methods by levels, reported in Grolier 1961 p 101]

[Goldstein 1999]  Emergence as a construct : history and issues / Jeffrey Goldstein = Emergence: complexity and organization. 1 : 1999. p 49-72

[Hartmann 1940]  Die Aufbau der realen Welt : Grundriss der allgemeinen Kategorienlehre / Nicolai Hartmann – De Gruyter : Berlin : 1940

[Hartmann 1942]  Neue Wege der Ontologie / Nicolai Hartmann -- Berlin : 1942 || Systematische Philosophie. / Nicolai Hartmann : ed' - - Kohlhammer : Stuttgart : 1943 » New ways of ontology – Greenwood press : Westport : 1952

[Heisenberg 1942]  Philosophie : le manuscrit de 1942 / Werner Heisenberg ; C Chevalley : transl' from German, introduction – Seuil : Paris : 1998[discussed in Nicolescu 2006; listed as Ordnung der Wirklichkeit in W Blum, HP Dürr, H Rechenberg eds., Werner Heisenberg: Gesammelte Werke = Collected works. C.1, Piper, München, 1984]

[Herre in prep']  Formal ontology of levels of reality / Heinrich Herre, Roberto Poli

[Hobhouse 1901]  The mind in evolution / LT Hobhouse – Macmillan : 1901

[Jacob 1970]  L'intégron = p 320-345 (La logique du vivant / François Jacob – Gallimard : Paris : 1970)

[Juarrero 2008]  Emergence, complexity and self-organization : precursors and prototypes / Alicia Juarrero, Carl A Rubino : ed's = Exploring complexity. 4 – ISCE : Goodyear (AZ) : 2008 || [contents and introduction]
["... This book presents a series of essays by thinkers who anticipated the significance of those issues and laid the foundations for their current importance. Readers of this book will encounter the important and varied figures of Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, Charles Saunders Peirce, Henry Poincaré, Henri Bergson, Alfred North Whitehead, and the British "Emergentists" Samuel Alexander, C. Lloyd Morgan, and C. D. Broad. They will also find essays by the South African thinker and statesman Jan Smuts, the American philosopher Arthur Lovejoy, the eminent physicist Erwin Schrödinger, two more recent thinkers on emergence, P. E. Meehl and Wilfred Sellars, and Ludwig von Bertalanffy, one of the founders of General Systems Theory. In their detailed and comprehensive introduction to the collection, editors Alicia Juarrero and Carl A. Rubino set the essays in contexts stretching from Heraclitus, Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle, and Hegel to some of the religious, scientific, and philosophical challenges we face today."]

[Leibniz 1702]  [letter to Varignon] / Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz : 1702 [Grolier 1961]

[Lewes 1875]  Problems of life and mind. 1: The foundations of a creed. 2 / George H Lewes   University of Michigan library : 1875 [first to use the word "emergence" in the modern sense]

[Lorenz 1973]  Die Rückseite des Spiegels : Versuch einer Naturgeschichte menschlichen Erkennens / Konrad Lorenz – Piper : München : 1973 » Behind the mirror : a search for a natural history of human knowledge – Methuen : London ; Jovanovich : Harcourt Brace : 1976

[Lovejoy 1927]  The meanings of "emergence" and its modes / Arthur O Lovejoy = Journal of philosophical studies. 2 : 1927. 6. p 167-181

[Mathews 2008]  Understanding levels : redefining science in an emergentist world view / William Mathews = (Subject, self, and soul : transdisciplinary approaches to personhood : Madrid : July 13–17, 2008) – Metanexus institute : <http://www.metanexus.net/institute/conference2008/abstract/?id=10496>

[Mayr 1982]  The growth of biological thought : diversity, evolution, and inheritance / Ernst Mayr – Harvard university press. Belknap press : Cambridge (Mass'), London : 1982

[Morgan 1923]  Emergent evolution / Conwy Lloyd Morgan – Williams and Norgate : London : 1923

[Morgan 1925a]  Life, mind, and spirit / Conwy Lloyd Morgan– Holt : New York : 1925 » Williams and Norgate : London : 1926

[Morgan 1925b]  Naturalisme et vie / Conwy Lloyd Morgan = Scientia. 1925. _

[Morgan 1933]  The emergence of novelty / Conwy Lloyd Morgan – London : 1933 | Holt : New York : 1933

[Needham 1936]  Order and life / Joseph Needham – Cambridge University Press : Cambridge : 1936
[according to Shalizi 1998, "one of the best expositions of modern ideas of biological order and levels of organization"]

[Needham 1937]  Integrative levels: a revaluation of the idea of progress / Joseph Needham = Herbert Spencer lecture. 1937 : Oxford University » Time: the refreshing river : essays and addresses, 1932-1942. p 233-272 – Allen and Unwin : London : 1943 » Spokesman : Nottingham : 1986 » = (Moulds of understanding : a pattern of natural philosophy / Gary Werksey : ed) – Allen & Unwin : London : 1976
[Proposes the notion of "integrative levels" in the context of a critical discussion of some aspects of Herbert Spencer's work, with connections to Engels, Comte, Alexander, and others, and several digressions; section The giant vista of evolution (p 258-266) especially outlines the series of physical, chemical, biochemical, cellular, organismic, and social levels; however, it is clearly biased by a socialist view, especially in assuming that the sequence of levels is a progressive evolution of which the obvious next step will be collective management of society and wealth. A distinction is made between levels of organisation and complexity: "When the Americal Railway Association reduces the number of types of axles from 59 to 5 numerical complexity decreases but organisation increases. Mere complexity has, of course, nothing to do with organisation – it may mean confusion only – and purposed reduction of complexity at a lower level is in the interest of activities at higher levels" (p 263 note 1).]

[Needham 1939]  Introduction / Joseph Needham = (Natural law in the spiritual world / Henry Drummond) – 1939 » The naturalness of the spiritual world : a reappraisement of Henry Drummond = Time: the refreshing river. p 28-41 – Allen and Unwin : London : 1943 » Spokesman : Nottingham : 1986
[In the context of a critical introduction to Drummond, agrees with his idea of spirituality as a development of the natural world at a higher integrative level than material and organic, rather than a separate supernatural realm]

[Nicolescu 1988]  Niveaux de réalité et transdisciplinarité / Basarab Nicolescu = Source, tradition et modernité : les sagesses anciennes et l'homme à venir. p 31-46 – L'originel : Paris : 1988

[Nicolescu 1993a]  Complexité et niveaux de réalité / Basarab Nicolescu = 50 rue de Varenne : simple/complex. Mars 1988. p 38-43

[Nicolescu 1993b]  Niveaux de complexité et niveaux de Réalité : vers une nouvelle définition de la nature / Basarab Nicolescu = Sources : Namur. 13: 1993. p 61-81

[Nicolescu 1994]  Niveaux de complexité et niveaux de Réalité : vers une nouvelle définition de la Nature / Basarab Nicolescu = L'homme, la science et la nature : regards transdisciplinaires. p 15-38 – Le mail : Paris : 1994

[Nicolescu 1996]  Levels of complexity and levels of Reality : nature as trans-nature / Basarab Nicolescu = (The emergence of compexity in mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology) = Scripta varia. 89: Proceedings of the plenary session of the Pontifical academy of sciences : 27-31 october 1992. p 393-417 / Bernard Pullman : ed' – Pontificia academia scientiarum : Roma : 1996

[Nicolescu 2000]  Transdisciplinarity and complexity : levels of Reality as source of indeterminacy / Basarab Nicolescu = Determinismo e complessità. p 127-142 / F Tito Arecchi : ed' – Armando : Roma : 2000

[Nicolescu 2001]  [Les niveaux de Réalité et le sacré, in romanian] / Basarab Nicolescu = Academica : Bucarest. 1-2: 2001. p 12-13

[Nicolescu 2003a]   Niveaux de Réalité / Basarab Nicolescu = Implications philosophiques de la science contemporaine. 3. p 104-105 / Bernard d'Espagnat : direction –PUF : Paris : 2003

[Nicolescu 2003b]   Les niveaux de Réalité et le sacré / Basarab Nicolescu = Science and religion : antagonism or complemenarity. 21. p 37-48 – Eonul Dogmatic : Bucarest : 2003 » Nivelurile de Realitate si sacrul = Stiinta si religie : antagonism sau complementaritate?. 21. p 37-50 – Eonul dogmatic : Bucarest : 2003

[Nicolescu 2005]   Niveaux de Réalité et tiers inclus / Basarab Nicolescu = Revue APMF : écrits et manuscrits de la médiation familiale. 11: 2005. p 6-12

[Nicolescu 2006]  Heisenberg and the levels of Reality / Basarab Nicolescu = European journal of science and theology. 2: 2006. 1. p 9-19 | (Arxiv) – <http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/physics/pdf/0601/0601156v2.pdf>

[Novikoff 1945]  The concept of integrative levels and biology / Alex B Novikoff = Science. 101. p 209-215

[Pettersson 1996]  Complexity and evolution / Max Pettersson – Cambridge University Press : 1996
[according to Shalizi [1998], "a sort of authorized continuation of Needham's views about integrative levels and the like"; publisher's note: "ranges across the physical, biological and social sciences in the development of its primary theme, that there are nine major "integrative levels" that can be recognized. The term integrative levels was first used by Joseph Needham in 1937, and has two key features. The first is that members of a given integrative level are unified entities and the second is that a member of one level is commonly composed of parts that are members of the next lower level. Thus fundamental particles form Level 1 while Level 9 is that of sovereign states".]

[Poli 1996]  Ontology for knowledge organization / Roberto Poli = Knowledge organization and change : proceedings of _ ISKO conference. p 313-319 / Rebecca Green : ed – Indeks : Frankfurt || <http://www.mitteleuropafoundation.it/Pap ers/RP/Ontology%20for%20knowledge%20organization.pdf>

[Poli 1998]  Levels / Roberto Poli = Axiomathes. 9 : 1998. 1-2. p 197-211 – <http://www.formalontology.it/essays/levels.pdf>

[Poli 2001]  The basic problem of the theory of levels of reality / Roberto Poli = Axiomathes. 12 : 2001. 3-4. p 261-283 – <http://www.unitn.it/events/do/download/The_Basic_Problem.pdf>

[Poli 2006a]  Levels of reality and the psychological stratum / Roberto Poli = Revue internationale de philosophie. 61: 2006. 2. p 163-180

[Poli 2006b]  The theory of levels of reality and the difference between simple and tangled hierarchies / Roberto Poli = Systemics of emergence : research and development. p 715-722 / G Minati, E Pessa E, M Abram ed' – Springer : Berlin : 2006

[Poli 2008a]  Ontology: the categorial stance / Roberto Poli = TAO: Theory and applications of ontology. 1: Philosophical perspectives. p _ / Roberto Poli, Johanna Seibt, J Symons : ed' – Springer : Berlin : 2008

[Poli 2008b]  Two theories of levels of reality : in dialogue with Basarab Nicolescu / Roberto Poli = (Transdisciplinarity in science and religion)

[Poli in prep']  Levels of reality and the social stratum / Roberto Poli

[Shalizi 1998]   Biological order, or levels of organization = (Notebooks) / Cosma R Shalizi – University of Michigan. Center for the study of complex systems : <http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/notebooks/biological-order.html> : 1998-

[Sellars 1922]  Evolutionary naturalism / Roy Wood Sellars – Open court : Chicago : 1922

[Smith 1997]  The major transitions in evolution / John Maynard Smith, Eörs Szathmáry – Oxford university press : 1997

[Thirring 1995]  Do the laws of nature evolve? / Walter Thirring = (What is life? : the next fifty years : speculations on the future of biology / MP Murphy, LA O'Neil : ed's – Cambridge university press : Cambridge : 1995) [cited by Nicolescu]

[Woodger 1929]  Biological principles : a critical study. 6.12 : Hierarchies of levels of organization : implications of this notion for biological explanation / Joseph Henry Woodger – Kegan Paul : London : 1929 ]] review / Joseph Needham = Mind. NS. 39 : 1930 : 154. p 221-226

[Woodger 1937]  The axiomatic method in biology / Joseph Henry Woodger – Cambridge university press : Cambridge : 1937 ]] review / ES Allen = Bulletin of the American mathematical society. 44 : 1938. p 763-764 + review / Conrad H Waddington = The mathematical gazette. 22 : 1938 : 249. p 192-193

 


Works by CRG members

[Austin 1969a]  Prospects for a new general classification / Derek Austin = Journal of librarianship. 1 : 1969. 3. p 149-169

[Austin 1969b]  The new general faceted classification / Derek Austin = Catalogue & index. 14 : 1969. p 11-13

[Austin 1969c]  Development of a new general classification / Derek Austin = Information scientist. 1969. Nov'. p 95-115

[Austin 1970]  Subject retrieval in UK MARC / Derek Austin = UK Marc project : proceedings of the seminar ' organised by the Cataloguing and indexing group of the Library association at the University of Southampton / Jeffrey, Wilson : ed's – Oriel : 1970

[Austin 1971]  Itself an education : six lectures on classification / Bernard I Palmer # 2' ed'. Part 2: Two steps forward... / Derek Austin – the Library association : London : 1971

[Austin 1972]  Trends towards a general compatible system / Derek Austin = Classification in the 1970s : a discussion of development and prospects for the major schemes. p _ / Arthur Maltby : ed' – Bingley : London : 1972

[Austin 1974]  A conceptual approach to the organisation of machine-held files for subject retrieval / Derek Austin ; JM Perreault : commentary = Conceptual basis [sic] of the classification of knowledge : proceedings of the Ottawa conference : October 1st to 5th, 1971. p 371-403 / Jerzy A Wojciechowski : ed' – Dokumentation Saur : Pullach bei München : 1974

[Austin 1976]  The CRG research into a freely faceted scheme / Derek Austin = Classification in the 1970s : a second look. p 158-194 / Arthur Maltby : ed' – Bingley : London : 1976

[Austin 1979]  Differences between library classifications and machine-based subject retrieval systems: some inferences drawn from research in Britain, 1963-1973 / Derek Austin = Ordering information systems for global information networks : proceedings 3' International study conference on Classification research : Bombay : 1975. p 326-340 / A Neelameghan : ed' – FID. Classification research, Sarada Ranganathan endowment for library science : Bangalore : 1979

[Austin 1998]  Derek Austin: developing PRECIS, Preserved context indexing system / Derek Austin = Portraits in cataloging and classification. p 23-66 / Carolynne Myall, Ruth C Carter : ed' -- Haworth press : 1998

[CRG 1961]  Classification research group bulletin. 6 = Journal of documentation. 17 : 1961. n 3. p 156-172 [includes discussion of fundamental categories, integrative levels, and place of unique definition as applied to a new general classification scheme, with contributions by Kyle, Vickery, Farradane, Foskett (who "suggested that the use of a concept such as that of 'levels of integration' might be useful": p 163), Palmer, Langridge; CRG bulletin 7 is about special schemes not directly related to ILC]

[CRG 1964a]  Classification research group bulletin. 8. 3: Integrative levels, 4: General classification and NATO grant = Journal of documentation. 20 : 1964. n 3. p 155-165 [with contributions by Jolley, Kyle, Mills, Foskett, Fairthorne, Farradane]

[CRG 1964b]  Some problems of a general classification scheme : report of a conference held in London, June 1963 – Library association : London : 1964 [reprinted in CRG 1969]

[CRG 1968]  Classification research group bulletin. 9. The NATO research, The general classification = Journal of documentation. 24 : 1968. p 278-290 [with contributions by Tomlinson, Farradane, Austin, Mills, Wells, Myers, Datta, Mayne, Foskett, Coates, Kyle]

[CRG 1969]  Classification and information control / "Classification research group" = Library association research pamphlets. 1 -- Library association : London : 1969 [includes:

[CRG 1973]  Classification research group bulletin. 10. Introduction, General classification = Journal of documentation. 29 : 1973. n 1. p 51-56 [with contributions by Austin, Foskett, Langridge, Fairthorne, Campbell, Farradane]

[CRG 1978]  Classification research group bulletin. 11. Problems of a general classification = Journal of documentation. 34 : 1978. 1. p 23 [with contributions by Langdridge, Farradane, Austin, Sandison, Fairthorne, Coates; includes discussion on the Chinese plate syndrome]

[Farradane 1966]  Classification research group / Jason EL Farradane = Encyclopaedia of librarianship # 3' ed'. p 107-109 / Thomas Landau : ed' – Bowes & Bowes : London : 1966 [mention is made of CRG's concern about new general classification, and introduces the principle of levels of integration as a method of ordering entities / KK]

[Foskett 1959]  Comments on fundamental categories in document classification : [submitted paper] / Douglas J Foskett = (Delhi library conference. 1959) [presents ongoing studies aimed at testing "whether such a 'materialistic' approach is valid for the primary division of the field of knowledge into the 'main classes' of a classification scheme", cited by Grolier 1961]

[Foskett 1961]  Classification and integrative levels / Douglas J Foskett = The Sayers memorial volume : essays in librarianship in memory of William Charles Berwick Sayers. p 136-150 / DJ Foskett, BI Palmer for the Classification research group: London : ed' – the Library association : London : 1961 » = Theory of subject analysis : a sourcebook. p 210-220 / Lois Mai Chan, Phyllis A Richmond, Elaine Svenonius : ed' – Libraries unlimited : Littleton (Colorado) : 1985

[Foskett 1962]  The Classification research group, 1952-1962 / Douglas J Foskett = Libri. 12 : 1962. 2. p 127-138

[Foskett 1963]  Classification and indexing in the social sciences. Chapter 8: The structure of classification schemes 2: General schemes: p 129-145 / Douglas J Foskett – Butterworths : London : 1963 » 2' edition – 1974

[Foskett 1970a]  Classification for a general index language : a review of recent research by the Classification research group / Douglas J Foskett = Library association research pamphlets. 2 – Library association : London : 1970

[Foskett 1970b]  Beyond reductionism / Douglas J Foskett = Journal of librarianship. 2 : 1970. p 139-143

[Foskett 1971]  Problems of indexing and classification in social sciences / Douglas J Foskett = International social science journal. 23 : 1971. p 244-255

[Foskett 1972]  Information and general systems theory / Douglas J Foskett = Journal of librarianship. 4 : 1972. p 205-209

[Foskett 1974]  Information and systems philosophy / Douglas J Foskett = Journal of librarianship. 6 : 1974. 2. p 126-130

[Foskett 1978]  The theory of integrative levels and its relevance to the design of information systems / Douglas J Foskett = ASLIB proceedings. 30 : 1978. 6. p 202-208

[Foskett 1980]  Systems theory and its relevance to documentary classification / Douglas J Foskett = International classification. 7 : 1980. p 2-5

[Jolley 1964]  [letter] / JL Jolley = Journal of documentation. 20 : 1964. 4.

[Jolley 1967]  The pattern of meaning / JL Jolley = Classification society bulletin. 1967.

[Jolley 1968a]  Relation codes: an ordering of ideas / JL Jolley = New scientist. 16 May 1968.

[Jolley 1968b]  Data study. Chapter _ / JL Jolley – Weidenfeld and Nicholson, McGraw-Hill, Hachette, Kindler, Meulenoff-de Haan, il Saggiatore, Guadarrama, Heibon Sha : 1968

[Jolley 1973]  The fabric of knowledge / JL Jolley – Duckworth : London : 1973 ]] review / EJ Coates = Library association record. 76 : 1974. p 33

[Jolley 1974]  The holotheme / JL Jolley ; Robert A Fairthorne : addendum = Conceptual basis [sic] of the classification of knowledge : proceedings of the Ottawa conference : October 1st to 5th, 1971. p 335-370 / Jerzy A Wojciechowski : ed' – Dokumentation Saur : Pullach bei München : 1974

[Kyle 1956]  EG Brisch : something new in classification / Barbara RF Kyle = Special libraries. 47: 1956. n 3. p 100-105

[Kyle 1958]  Towards a classification for social science literature / Barbara RF Kyle = American documentation. 9 : 1958. p 168-183

[Kyle 1959]  An examination of some of the problems involved in drafting general classifications and some proposals for their solution / Barbara RF Kyle = Review of documentation. 26 : 1959. 1. p 17-21

[Vickery 1957]  Relations between subject fields: problems of constructing a general classification / BC Vickery = Proceedings of the International study conference on Classification for information retrieval : Dorking : 13-17 May 1957. p 43-49 – ASLIB : London : 1957

[Vickery 1958]  Classification and indexing in science – Butterworths : London : 1958 [p 116] » 2nd ed' – 1959 » 3rd ed' – 1975

 


Comments to CRG work

[Buchanan 1979]  Theory of library classification. p 111-115 / Brian Buchanan – Bingley : London : 1979 [following a description of the principle of levels of organization, compares the integrative levels theory with Bliss's gradation by speciality. Concludes that the latter is based on his perception of relationships between documents, while the former is absolute scientific order / KK]

[Cheti 1990]  Le categorie nell'indicizzazione / Alberto Cheti = Biblioteche oggi. 8: 1990. 1. p 29-49 [surveys work on categories in subject indexing; p 39-48 describe the NATO CRG project, its developments in PRECIS, and the relevance of unique definition for a general thesaurus; suggests connections of syntactic relationships with psychological and linguistic studies]

[Crossley 1963]  New schemes of classification: principles and practices / CA Crossley = Library association record. 65 : 1963. 2. p 51-59 [in the later part of the paper, discusses the question of constructing a new general classification as the then current research by CRG, and introduces the notion of levels of organization / KK]

[Dahlberg 1974]  Die Integrationsstufen von Feibleman und die Arbeiten von D Austin / Ingetraut Dahlberg = Grundlagen universaler Wissensordnung : Probleme und Möglichkeiten eines universalen Klassifikationssystems des Wissens. 4.4.3 : p 228-233 / ID = DGD- Schriftenreihe. 3. – Dokumentation : Pullach bei München : 1974

[Dahlberg 1978]  The levels of being : from Aristotle to Nicolai Hartmann = Ontical structures and universal classification. Section 3.2: p 28-31 / Ingetraut Dahlberg – SRELS : Bangalore : 1978 [believes that levels are "a very suitable, objective (in the true sense of the word) basis for a universal classification system", but that the CRG failed in managing disciplines and in placing artifacts and mentefacts in their scheme]

[Desai 1975]  Theory of integrative levels, general systems theory, theory of classification, theory of evolution, and theory of pattern recognition : abstract / AR Desai = Ordering systems for global information networks : proceedings of the 3rd International study conference on Classification research : Bombay : 6-11 January 1975. p 119

[Grolier 1961]   Points de vue rétrospectif et prospectif dans la classification / Éric de Grolier = The Sayers memorial volume : essays in librarianship in memory of WCB Sayers. p 96-119 – Library association : London : 1971 [p 100-102 deal with ILs, observing that they can be reconnected not only to materialistic views, like for Vickery, Foskett and other CRG authors, but also to other philosophies and authors; in particular, mentions a similar approach in Paul Braffort, Classification alpha-numérique pour le fichier matières du Service de documentation du Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, Rapport CEA n 238, 1953, 3' ed 1960]

[Grolier 1970]   Quelques travaux récents en matière de classification encyclopédique / Éric de Grolier = Bulletin des bibliothèques de France. 15 : 1970. 3. p 99-126

[Grolier 1974]   Le système des sciences et l'évolution du savoir / Éric de Grolier = Conceptual basis [sic] of the classification of knowledge : proceedings of the Ottawa conference : October 1st to 5th, 1971. p 20-118 / Jerzy A Wojciechowski : ed' – Dokumentation Saur : Pullach bei München : 1974 ]] translated excerpts

[Hopkins 1973]  General classification theory : the work of the Classification research group / Fran Hopkins = Library resources and technical services. 17 : 1973. 2. p 201-210

[Huckaby 1972]  An enquiry into the theory of integrative levels as the basis for a generalized classification scheme / Sarah Ann Scott Huckaby = Journal of documentation. 28 : 1972. 2. p 97-106

[Kawamura 1988]  Subject indication for information retrieval : the contributions of Eric Coates [in Japanese]  / Keiichi Kawamura – Nichigai : Tokyo : 1988 [includes discussion of integrative levels in BSO and in BC2 classes for phenomena and for disciplines]

[Kawamura 2003]   The selection and order of main classes in general classification schemes: considerations on the philosophical and socio-historical backgrounds [in Japanese] / Keiichi Kawamura = Journal of Japan society of library and information science. 50 : 2004. 1. p 1-25 [describes how classification schemes evolved from philosophically based (DC) to evolutionary based (SC, CC, BC1, BC2, BSO), paying more attention to phenomena as compared to disciplines; includes mention of CRG work on integrative levels, arguing that the principle cannot spread into schemes as it (1) cannot keep a linear order, (2) cannot deal well with human and intellectual products, (3) cannot arrange well the margins between two disciplinary fields / HM
Abstract: The philosophical and socio-historical backgrounds concerning the selection and order of main classes in general classification schemes are discussed. 28 schemes that have been published in book form since Harris's scheme of 1870 are selected. All of the schemes base their main classes on disciplines that are encountered in the real world, but they differ in number and order due to the world-view on the one hand and the notational constraint on the other. Moreover, a home-made scheme devised for its own library is obliged to reflect its collection, and a unified or common scheme for nation-wide use should take account of its socio-historical background. Only a universal scheme keeps its philosophical principles. The author thinks that the schemes of Brown's SC (1906), Ranganathan's CC (1933), Bliss' s BC (1940), BCA/CRG's BC2 (1977) and Unesco/FID's BSO (1978), the bodies of which all together begin with natural sciences, create a new history of universal classification that is based on evolutionary ideas. They also form a de-Dewey history of general classification that was completed 100 years after DDC of 1876.]

[Kushul 1967]  Classification Research Group of England in dealing of some universal classification problems [in Russian?] / AY Kushul = Nauchno-tekhicheskaya informatsiya. Seriya 2: Informatsionnye protsessy sistemy. 4: 1967. p 7-_

[Mills 1970]  Progress in documentation / Jack Mills – Journal of documentation. 26: 1970. 2. p 120-160

[Palmer 1971]  Itself an education. Six lectures on classification # 2' ed'. Part 1. Chapter 3: Contemporary questioning of the basis of main classes / Bernard Ira Palmer – the Library association : London : 1971

[Richmond 1965]  Contribution toward a new generalized theory of classification / Phyllis A Richmond = Classification research : proceedings of the 2' International study conference : Elsinore : 1964. p 39-54 / Pauline Atherton : ed' – Munksgaard : Copenhagen : 1965

[Richmond 1971]  Review of "Classification and information control" by Clasification research group and "Classification for a general index language" by DJ Foskett / Phyllis A Richmond = Library resources and technical services. 15: 1971. p 263-266

[Spiteri 1995]  The Classification Research Group and the theory of integrative levels / Louise Spiteri = The Katharine Sharp review. 1 : 1995. – <http://http://alexia.lis.uiuc.edu/review.old/summer1995/spiteri.pdf>

[Williamson 1998]  An interdisciplinary world and discipline based classification / Nancy J Williamson = Structures and relations in knowledge organization : proceedings of the 5th ISKO conference : Lille : 25-29 August 1998. p 115-124 – Ergon : Würzburg : 1998 [whishes that research be resumed building on past CRG work]

[Wilson 1972]  The work of the British Classification research group / Thomas D Wilson = Subject retrieval in the Seventies. p 62-71 / Hans Wellisch, Thomas D Wilson : ed' – Greenwood : Westport (CT) : 1972

[Yamada 1990]  Developments of classification theory in the British Classification Research Group (CRG) / Tsuneo Yamada = Classification, indexing and databases : collection of papers in memory of Tsuneo Yamada. p 1-111 – Publishing committee for the works of Tsuneo Yamada : Tokyo : 1990 [section 14 deals with Kyle classification, and section 15 with application of integrative level theory and general system theory; suggests the possibility of the phenomenon approach, and argues that there is no need of a linear sequence of phenomena (which would solve the problem of branching). Yamada translated Mills' "A modern outline of library classification" in 1982, and passed away in 1988 in his late forties / HM, KK]

 


Contributions of the present project

[Gnoli 2003a]  Mezzo o messaggio? : le classificazioni all'inseguimento delle conoscenze in evoluzione / Claudio Gnoli = Biblioteche oggi. 21 : 2003. 1. p 17-19 – <http://www.bibliotecheoggi.it/2003/20030101701.pdf>

[Gnoli 2003b]  Coordinazione, ordine di citazione e livelli integrativi in ambiente digitale / Claudio Gnoli = Bibliotime. 6 : 2003. 1 <http://www.spbo.unibo.it/bibliotime/num-vi- 1/gnoli.htm>.

[Gnoli 2004a]  Naturalism vs. pragmatism in knowledge organization / Claudio Gnoli = Knowledge organization and the global information society : proceedings of the 8' international ISKO conference : London (UK) : 2004.07.13-16. p 263-268 / Ia McIlwaine : ed' – Ergon : Würzburg : 2004 || preprint [RTF format]

[Gnoli 2004b]  Levels of reality and levels of representation / Claudio Gnoli, Roberto Poli = Knowledge organization. 31 : 2004. 3. p 151-160 ]] abstract

[Gnoli 2005a]  BC2 class for phenomena : an application of the theory integrative levels / Claudio Gnoli = Bliss classification bulletin. 47 : 2005. p 17-21 || DLIST. – <http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/920/> [RTF format]

[Gnoli 2005b]  Architettura dell'informazione a faccette libere / Claudio Gnoli = Trovabile. – <http://trovabile.org/faccette_libere> : 2005.04.24-

[Gnoli 2005c]  Classificazione a livelli per una bibliografia web di cultura locale / Claudio Gnoli = Classificare la documentazione locale : giornata di studio : San Giorgio di Nogaro : 17 dicembre 2005. [3] – ISKO Italia <http://www.iskoi.org/doc/locale3.htm> : 2005-

[Gnoli 2005d]  Grafi e classificazione / Claudio Gnoli, Viviana Doldi = (Tavola rotonda sul Web semantico: sintesi e proposte : Prato : 2005.01.26) » p 11-14 (LIUC papers. 183 = Materiali bibliografici. 6 : 2005.12 – Libera università Cattaneo : Castellanza) || (E-LIS) – <http://eprints.rclis .org/archive/00003076/> : 2005.02.01-

[Gnoli 2005e]  Notazione e interfaccia di ricerca per una classificazione a livelli / Claudio Gnoli, Gabriele Merli = AIDA informazioni. 23 : 2005. n 1-2. p 57-72 ]] Italian and English abstracts [please scroll down]

[Hong 2005]  A phenomenon approach to faceted classification [in Japanese] / Hong Mei = JSLIS: Japan society of Library and information science. Conference 53 : Keio university : 2005.10.22-23. ]] English abstract

[Gnoli 2006a]  The meaning of facets in nondisciplinary classifications / Claudio Gnoli = Knowledge organization for a global learning society : proceedings 9th ISKO international conference : Vienna : July 2006. p 11-18 / Gerhard Budin, Christian Swertz, Konstantin Mitgutsch : ed' – Ergon : Würzburg : 2006 || preprint [RTF format], slides [PPT format, 10 Mbyte!]

[Gnoli 2006b]  Freely faceted classification for Web-based information retrieval / Claudio Gnoli, Hong Mei = New review of hypermedia & multimedia. 12: 2006. 1. p 63-81 « preprint [RTF format]

[Gnoli 2006c]  Phylogenetic classification = Knowledge organization. 33: 2006. 3. p 138-152 ]] abstract

[Gnoli 2007a]  A new relationship for multidisciplinary knowledge organization systems: dependence / Claudio Gnoli, Mela Bosch, Fulvio Mazzocchi = (La interdisciplinariedad y la transdisciplinariedad en la organización del conoscimiento científico = Interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in the organization of scientific knowledge : actas del VIII Congreso ISKO-España: León, 18, 19 y 20 de Abril de 2007). p 399-409 / Blanca Rodríguez Bravo, M'a Luisa Alvite Díez : ed' – Universidad de León. Secretariado de Publicaciones: 2007 || preprint [RTF format], slides [PPT format] [see The León manifesto]

[Gnoli 2007b]  Progress in synthetic classification : towards unique definition of concepts = Information access for the global community : an international seminar on the Universal decimal classification : The Hague : 2007.06.04-05. [1] | slides » = Extensions & corrections to the UDC. 29: 2007. 167-182 | (DLIST) — <http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/1945/> [PDF format] : 2007.06.14-

[Gnoli 2007c]  Freely faceted classification for the BioAcoustic Reference Database [poster] / Claudio Gnoli, Gianni Pavan, Elisabetta Bernuzzi, Marco Priano, Gabriele Merli = (International bioacoustics council meeting : Pavia : September 2007)

[Gnoli 2007d]  "Classic" vs. "freely" faceted classification = Ranganathan revisited: facets for the future. [2] : London : 2007.11.05

[Cesanelli 2008a]  Classificare il dominio della comunicazione : analisi di un corpus di fenomeni secondo la teoria dei livelli di integrazione : tesi di laurea in Biblioteconomia / Enzo Cesanelli ; Anna Rosa Rugliano : relatore ; Claudio Gnoli : correlatore ; Università di Trieste. Corso di laurea specialistica in Scienze della comunicazione : AA 2006-2007 ; discussione aprile 2008

[Cesanelli 2008b]  Classificare il dominio della comunicazione secondo la teoria dei livelli di integrazione / Enzo Cesanelli = (E-LIS)

[Gnoli 2008a]  Categories and facets in integrative levels / Claudio Gnoli = Axiomathes. 18: 2008. 2. p 177-192

[Gnoli 2008b] Freely faceted classification for a Web-based bibliographic archive : the BioAcoustic Reference Database / Claudio Gnoli, Gabriele Merli, Gianni Pavan, Elisabetta Bernuzzi, Marco Priano = (Repositories of knowledge in digital spaces : proceedings Eleventh German ISKO Conference : Konstanz : 2008.02.20-22) – Ergon : Würzburg : 2008? | (DLIST) — <http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/2274/> [PDF format] : 2008.03.28- || slides [PPT format, 3 Mbyte!]

[Szostak 2008] Classifying by phenomena, theories and methods : examples with focused social science theories / Rick Szostak, Claudio Gnoli = Culture and identity in knowledge organization : proceedings of the Tenth international ISKO conference : Montréal : 2008.08.05-08. p 205-211 – Ergon : Würzburg : 2008

 

References to the present project

[Bosch 2006]  Ontologies, different reasoning strategies, different logics, different kinds of knowledge representation: working together / Mela Bosch = Knowledge organization. 33: 2006. 3. p 153-159

[Bosch 2007]  Entre la heurística y la hermenéutica: las competencias y actitud de los profesionales de la información para la web emergente / Mela Bosch = (Firmas) – Fundación ciencias de la documentación <http://www.documentalistas.org/colaboradores/firmas/p4/mela_bosch.php> : 2007.03.06- [Quoting Gnoli & Poli 2004, remarks how documentary languages can be either discipline-oriented or ontologically oriented, and suggests that the latter is an hermeneutical approach.]

[Hoendorf 2007]  GFO-Bio: a biomedical core ontology / Robert Hoehndorf, Frank Loebe, Roberto Poli, Heinrich Herre, Janet Kelso = Applied ontology. 1: 2007. _ [Refers to IL theory as "another basic means addressing the organization of domain categories. Moreover, distinct levels are themselves related in particular ways ..."]

[La Barre 2006]  [Review of] New review of hypermedia and multimedia. Volume 12 issue 1: Knowledge [organization] systems and services / Kathryn La Barre = Knowledge organization. 33: 2006. 4. p 219-220 [Includes Gnoli & Hong 2006, saying that they "champion the continuing usefulness of expressive notation in digital environments for query processing, browsing and collocation – in sharp contrast to those who feel that this type of notation is an artifact no longer useful in digital environments".]

[López-Huertas 2007]   Gestión del conocimiento multidimensional en los sistemas de organización del conoscimiento / María José López-Huertas = (La interdisciplinariedad y la transdisciplinariedad en la organización del conoscimiento científico = Interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in the organization of scientific knowledge : actas del VIII Congreso ISKO-España: León, 18, 19 y 20 de Abril de 2007). p 1-26 / Blanca Rodríguez Bravo, M'a Luisa Alvite Díez : ed' – Universidad de León. Secretariado de Publicaciones: 2007 [see The León manifesto]

[Slavic 2008]  On classification, phenomena and free faceted classification / Aida Slavic, Bob Bater = (ISKO UK : a blog space of the British chapter of ISKO) – <http://iskouk.blogspot.com/2008/03/on-classification-phenomena-and-free.html>

[Szostak 2007a]  Interdisciplinarity and the classification of scholarly documents by phenomena, theories, and methods / Rick Szostak = (La interdisciplinariedad y la transdisciplinariedad en la organización del conoscimiento científico = Interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in the organization of scientific knowledge : actas del VIII Congreso ISKO-España: León, 18, 19 y 20 de Abril de 2007). p 469-477 / Blanca Rodríguez Bravo, M'a Luisa Alvite Díez : ed' – Universidad de León. Secretariado de Publicaciones: 2007 [see The León manifesto]

[Szostak 2007b]  Interdisciplinarity and the classification of scholarly documents / Rick Szostak = ISKO Italy-UniMIB meeting. 3: 2007.06.22. [1] – <http://www.iskoi.org/doc/interdisciplinarity.ppt>

[Szostak 2008]  Classification, interdisciplinarity, and the study of science / Rick Szostak = Journal of documentation. 64: 2008. 3. p 319-332

[Vickery 2008]  The structure of subject classifications for document retrieval / Brian Vickery – <http://www.lucis.me.uk/classification.htm> : 2008- [applauds the ILC draft scheme, though suggesting a partially different approach, combining phenomena with human activities]

[Who'sWho 2007]  Who'sWho in the world # 25th silver anniversary edition : 2008 – Marquis [has a record for Gnoli Claudio Tommaso mentioning that his "achievements include research in classification theory, especially freely-faceted classification by integrative levels"]

 

References on integrative level classification / [Claudio Gnoli, Hong Mei ; Keiichi Kawamura : contributions] = (ISKO Italia. ILC) -- <http://www.iskoi.org/ilc/ref.htm> : 2005.04.27 - 2008.06.19 -